#Sirds mazspeja skin
Participants who did not provide or provided incorrect national identification numbers, reported implausible energy intakes (>3 SDs from the natural log-transformed mean), had had cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer), had a history of HF, left more than half of the food and beverage items blank (n=1126), and had missing data on chocolate intake (n=3186) were excluded. In 19, 39 227 women completed a questionnaire that included items on demographic, behavioral, and anthropometric factors and consumption of foods and beverages. 13, 14 In brief, the cohort includes women born between 19 living in the Västmanland and Uppsala counties of central Sweden. The recruitment process, characteristics, and study methods of the Swedish Mammography Cohort have been described previously. Therefore, we examined whether chocolate intake is associated with the risk of incident HF hospitalization or mortality in a population of middle-aged and elderly Swedish women. 12 However, despite clinical trials showing the effect of chocolate on blood pressure and the strong relationship between blood pressure and HF, no prior studies have examined the association between chocolate intake and HF incidence. 8 Observational studies have shown that chocolate intake is associated with lower blood pressure, 9, 10 lower incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI), 9, 10 lower incidence of mortality from coronary heart disease, 4, 11 and lower cardiac mortality in patients after their first MI. 3, 4 Two metaanalyses of small, relatively short-duration randomized clinical trials suggested that chocolate reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure 5, 6 and increases flow-mediated dilation after acute and chronic intake, 6 and others have shown that cocoa flavanoids are associated with decreased susceptibility to low-density lipoprotein oxidation 7 and improved endothelial function. 2īoth short-term randomized feeding trials and long-term observational studies indicate that chocolate products may have beneficial effects for cardiovascular health. 1 Seventy-five percent of HF cases have antecedent hypertension, and the lifetime risk for persons with a blood pressure >160/90 mm Hg is double the risk compared with those with a blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg.
Compared with no regular chocolate intake, the multivariable-adjusted rate ratio of HF was 0.74 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.95) for women consuming 1 to 3 servings of chocolate per month, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.50 to 0.93) for those consuming 1 to 2 servings per week, 1.09 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.62) for those consuming 3 to 6 servings per week, and 1.23 (95% CI, 0.73 to 2.08) for those consuming ≥1 servings per day ( P=0.0005 for quadratic trend).Īlthough heart failure (HF) shares many risk factors with other cardiovascular diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, obesity, and increasing age, elevated blood pressure is a particularly strong risk factor for HF. Over 9 years of follow-up, 419 women were hospitalized for incident HF (n=379) or died of HF (n=40).
Women were followed from January 1, 1998, through December 31, 2006, for HF hospitalization or death through the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registers. In addition to answering health and lifestyle questions, participants completed a food-frequency questionnaire. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 31 823 women aged 48 to 83 years without baseline diabetes or a history of HF or myocardial infarction who were participants in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Customer Service and Ordering Information.Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology.Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA).Circ: Cardiovascular Quality & Outcomes.
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB).
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